Types of Obesity

Overview

Obesity is a common disorder that can lead to various health conditions. There are three types of obesity, each with its own characteristics. Let's take a closer look at these types and the conditions associated with them:

Body Shape (Fat Distribution)

• Abdominal obesity: “Apple shape”; weight is carried around the waistline or belly.
  • This may also be called an android body type and is more common in men.
  • People with this type of obesity have a higher risk of conditions like heart disease and diabetes.
• Hip obesity: “Pear shape”; weight is carried on the hips and buttocks.
  • This may also be called a gynoid body type and is more common in women.
  • People with this type of obesity have a higher risk of osteoarthritis of the knees and varicose veins.
• Inverted triangle: weight is carried in the chest and shoulders.
  • People with this type of obesity may experience more aches and pains in the back, neck, and shoulders.
• Ruler: weight is distributed so body has less defined curves.
  • People with this type of obesity may have a higher risk of osteoporosis (weak bones).
• Hourglass: Weight is proportionately distributed in the upper and lower body

Genetic Obesity

• Monogenic Obesity: This type of obesity is caused by mutations in a single gene that affects the hunger-satiety pathway. It is a rare form of obesity usually found in specific genetic syndromes.
  • Obesity as the main clinical feature.
  • Rare occurrence.
  • Usually associated with specific genetic syndromes.
• Pleiotropic Obesity: Pleiotropic obesity is another rare form of genetic obesity. Similar to monogenic obesity, it is characterized by large gene or chromosome abnormalities. However, pleiotropic obesity is part of complex genetic syndromes where obesity is one of the main health issues. The key characteristics of pleiotropic obesity are:
  • Obesity as one of the main clinical elements in complex genetic syndromes.
  • Rare occurrence.
• Polygenic Obesity: Polygenic obesity is the most common type of obesity, accounting for over 80% of cases worldwide. Unlike monogenic and pleiotropic obesity, polygenic obesity is not caused by specific gene mutations or chromosome abnormalities. Instead, it is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. The main features of polygenic obesity include:
  • Common occurrence.
  • Higher risk for conditions like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.

It's important to remember that these types of obesity are not mutually exclusive, and an individual may have characteristics from more than one type.

While understanding the different types of obesity can provide insights into its underlying causes, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and guidance on managing weight and associated health conditions.