Causes and Risk Factors for Influenza (Flu)

Overview

Influenza, also known as the flu, is caused by influenza viruses. These viruses can infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. When someone with the flu coughs, sneezes, or talks, they release tiny droplets that contain the virus. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby, leading to infection. Less commonly, a person can get the flu by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. It's important to note that there are different types of influenza viruses, including types A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for most cases of seasonal flu.

Non-modifiable Risk Factors (Risk Factors You Can't Change)

Non-modifiable risk factors for Influenza include:

Older individuals: As people get older, their immune system may weaken, making them more susceptible to infections like the flu.
Males: While it is not clear why, research suggests that males may be at a slightly higher risk of severe complications from Influenza compared to females.
Genetics: Certain genetic variations may affect how the immune system responds to the virus, potentially increasing the risk of severe illness.
Race or ethnicity: Studies have shown that Indigenous populations and Black individuals may be at a higher risk of hospitalization and severe outcomes from Influenza compared to other racial or ethnic groups.
Pregnancy: Pregnant individuals experience changes in their immune system, making them more susceptible to infections.
Chronic diseases: Having chronic pulmonary or cardiovascular disease or a weakened immune system due to diseases like HIV/AIDS or certain cancers can increase the risk of severe influenza.

It's important to note that while these non-modifiable risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing severe complications from Influenza, they do not guarantee that an individual will get sick. Taking preventive measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of contracting and spreading the flu virus.

Modifiable Risk Factors (Factors You May Be Able to Change)

Modifiable risk factors for Influenza are factors that can be changed or controlled to reduce the risk of getting severe influenza. Here are some examples of modifiable risk factors for Influenza:

Living conditions: Staying at home for older adults or those in a nursing home is another modifiable risk factor. Close living quarters can increase the spread of the virus.
Medications: Taking medications that weaken the immune system, such as chemotherapy or chronic corticosteroids, can also be a modifiable risk factor for Influenza.
Long-term aspirin or salicylate use: People younger than 19 years old who are on long-term aspirin- or salicylate-containing medications are at increased risk of severe influenza.

It's important to note that having these risk factors doesn't guarantee that someone will get severe influenza, but it does increase their susceptibility. By addressing these modifiable risk factors, individuals can take steps to reduce their chances of experiencing severe influenza infections.

Reducing Risks

To prevent or reduce the chances of getting Influenza, there are several actions that a person can take, including:

Wash hands frequently with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub.
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing
Avoid touching your face, especially around the mouth, nose, and eyes.
Stay home if you are sick with an influenza-like illness (ILI), which includes symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headaches, chills, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. Stay home for at least 24 hours after the fever is gone without using fever-reducing medicine.
Avoid close contact (within about 6 feet) with people who might be sick
Throw out tissues after using them
Clean and disinfect surfaces regularly, including bedding

It's important to note that while these actions can help decrease the likelihood of transmission, they do not provide complete protection against Influenza. The best way to prevent Influenza is through annual vaccination. It is recommended to speak with your doctor about getting vaccinated and to discuss any concerns or questions you may have about preventing Influenza.