About Testicular Infection
Testicular infection can be caused by bacterial and viral infections. The infection can lead to symptoms such as testicular swelling, pain, and sometimes a mass or lump in the testicle. Inflammation and swelling of the testicles is called orchitis. Orchitis may have other causes; however, testicular infections are the most common cause of orchitis.
Ultrasound examination is often used to diagnose testicular infection, and in some cases, a testicular mass may be detected that raises suspicion of malignancy. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and, in the case of bacterial infection, antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection. In severe cases, surgical removal of the affected testicle (orchidectomy) may be necessary. It is important to note that testicular infection can potentially affect fertility, causing damage to the seminiferous tubules (where sperm are produced) or other structures within the testicles.
Testicular infection may be caused by a bacteria or virus.
- Testicular bacterial infections are often the result of a urinary tract infection or a sexually transmitted infection. Bacteria that may cause testicular infection include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, E. coli, staphylococcus, or streptococcus.
- Testicular viral infections are often the result of mumps. Other viruses that may infect the testicles include chicken pox (varicella), cytomegalovirus, and coxsackie virus (the virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease).
Testicular infection can occur at any age. Risk factors for testicular infection include having:
- Autoimmune disease
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or other condition that may obstruct or urine outflow
- Foley catheter
- Epididymitis (infection of the sperm-carrying coiled tube at the back of the testicles)
- Frequent (recurring) urinary tract infection
- Physical abnormalities in the urinary tract
- Multiple sex partners and unprotected sex
Having risk factors means a person has an increased chance of developing a testicular infection compared to people who do not have risk factors but does not always cause testicular infection. Risks can be reduced by being up to date on mumps vaccination, safe sex practices such as wearing a condom, and managing conditions such as BPH.
Testicular infection causes mild to severe pain and swelling. It may affect one testicle or both testicles. Additional symptoms include:
- Testicular tenderness
- Testicular swelling: The swelling may make the testicle appear larger than usual.
- Redness and warmth: The infected testicle may appear red and feel warm to the touch. This is a result of increased blood flow to the area due to inflammation.
- Fever: In some cases, a low-grade fever may develop along with other symptoms. This is a sign that your body is fighting off the infection.
Later stage or more severe symptoms of testicular infection:
- Abscess formation: In some cases, a pocket of pus called an abscess may form within the infected testicle. This can cause increased pain, swelling, and tenderness.
- Systemic symptoms: As the infection progresses or becomes more severe, you may experience systemic symptoms such as fatigue, chills, and a higher fever. These symptoms indicate that the infection has spread beyond the testicle.
- Groin or abdominal pain: If the infection spreads from or to nearby structures such as the epididymis (a coiled tube located behind each testicle) or inguinal lymph nodes (located in the groin area), you may experience pain in these areas.
- Urinary symptoms: If the infection spreads from the urinary tract, you may experience symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, or blood in the urine.
It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it's essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
To diagnose testicular Infection, there are several examinations, tests, and procedures commonly performed. These include:
- Medical history: The healthcare provider will gather information about your symptoms, medical conditions, and medications. They may inquire about sexual activity and past infections.
- Physical exam: During the physical exam, a healthcare provider will check for signs of a testicular infection, such as pain, swelling, or any unusual lumps or fluid around the testicles. They may also feel for swollen lymph nodes in the groin. In some cases, a rectal exam may be done to check the prostate, especially if the infection may have spread.
- Lab tests: Specific lab tests may be recommended by the healthcare provider to help diagnose testicular Infection. These tests may involve:
- Blood draw to check for infection markers or other abnormalities
- Urethra swab to check for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other infection
- Urine sample to check for infection markers or other abnormalities
- Imaging studies: Imaging studies such as ultrasound may be recommended to visualize the inside of testicles and surrounding structures. These imaging studies can help identify any abnormalities or inflammation.
Depending on the information gathered from the physical exam, initial tests and individual factors, additional clinical procedures may be performed. If any symptoms worsen or change after your initial evaluation, it is important to follow up with your healthcare provider for further assessment and management.
The goals of treatment for testicular infection are to eliminate the infection and manage symptoms.
For testicular infection caused by bacteria, antibiotics are usually prescribed for a 1–2-week course. If the infection is a sexually transmitted infection, the healthcare provider will recommend that sexual partners see their healthcare professional for potential treatment.
For symptom relief of bacterial or viral testicular infection, self-care may include:
- Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to help relieve swelling and pain
- Applying a cold pack or heating pad to the scrotal area. The cold back or heating pad should be wrapped in a towel to protect the area from extreme cold or heat.
- Rest
- Wearing a jock strap to support and help immobilize the testicles
In summary, the goals of treatment for testicular infection include managing symptoms, improving quality of life, and ultimately curing the disease. Treatment options may include surveillance, surgery (orchiectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplant. Supportive measures such as health behavior changes and emotional support can also play a role in achieving treatment goals. Ongoing research aims to further understand and improve outcomes for individuals with testicular cancer.
Medication dosing may be affected by many factors. Check with your health care professional about dosing for your individual situation. Other side effects can occur. Check with your health care professional or read the information provided with your medication for additional side effect information.
Most cases of testicular infection resolve after using antibiotics or with self-care. It may take several weeks for some symptoms, such as testicular tenderness, to completely resolve. There are usually no long-term sexual or reproductive concerns associated with testicular infections. However, there is a possibility of the infection returning in the future.
While complications from testicular infections are rare, they can still occur. Potential complications include:
- Testicular abscesses and sepsis (a severe infection that spreads throughout the body)
- Testicular shrinkage (atrophy)
- Fluid in the scrotum (hydrocele)
- Decreased sperm count. Infertility is rare with greater risk of infertility if both testicles are infected.
- Testicular infection frequently co-occurs with infection of the epididymis, the coiled tube that stores and carries sperm. When both are infected, this is called epididymo-orchitis. Complications of epididymo-orchitis includes blocked sperm ducts that can lead to infertility.
Seeking prompt medical attention and receiving appropriate treatment is crucial for managing testicular infections and reducing the risk of complications. It's important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan. They will provide guidance based on your specific situation.