About Panic Attack in Children
Panic attacks in children are characterized by sudden and intense episodes of fear accompanied by physical symptoms. While panic disorder is more common in adults, it is possible for children to experience panic attacks.
Children with panic disorder may have frequent panic attacks and constant worry about future episodes. They may also develop a fear of certain situations or activities due to the fear of having a panic attack. Symptoms of panic attacks in children can include sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, fears of dying, numbness or tingling, chills, and intense fear or terror without a specific cause.
It's important to note that panic attacks in children can vary in their presentation and severity. If you suspect your child is experiencing panic attacks, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management strategies.
The pathophysiologic causes of panic attacks in children are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
- Biological factors: Traumatic events can serve as triggers for panic attacks. The activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the release of stress hormones may play a role in the occurrence of panic attacks.
Non-modifiable risk factors for panic attacks in children cannot be changed or controlled. This includes:
- Genetic factors: There may be a genetic predisposition to panic disorder, as it tends to run in families.
Modifiable risk factors for panic attacks in children can be influenced or changed. These include:
- Major stress or life changes: Significant life events or stressful situations can increase the likelihood of experiencing panic attacks.
- Substance use: The consumption of caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs, and sugary foods and drinks can contribute to the occurrence of panic attacks.
- Other mental health conditions: Panic attacks can be a symptom of other conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
It is important to note that these risk factors do not guarantee the development of panic attacks in children. Each child is unique, and individual experiences may vary. If your child is experiencing panic attacks or you have concerns about their mental health, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation and guidance on appropriate interventions.
The most common early symptoms of panic attacks in children may include:
- Frequent panic attacks
- Constant worry about future panic attacks
- Fear of doing certain things, like going to school or parties, because they're afraid of having a panic attack
As panic attacks progress or become more severe in children, they may experience additional symptoms such as:
- Sweating
- Shaking
- Shortness of breath or choking sensation
- Chest pain
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Fears of dying
- Numbness or tingling throughout the body
- Chills
- Intense fear or terror without a specific cause
It's important to note that not all children will experience the same symptoms, and the severity and progression of panic attacks can vary from child to child. If you suspect your child may be experiencing panic attacks, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
To diagnose panic disorder in children, doctors typically use a combination of examinations, tests, and procedures. Here are some commonly performed ones:
- Physical examination: A doctor will conduct a thorough physical examination to rule out any underlying medical conditions that may be causing or mimicking panic attacks.
- Mental health evaluation: A mental health professional will assess the child's symptoms, medical history, and family history to determine if panic disorder is present.
- Diagnostic criteria: Doctors refer to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to guide their diagnosis. The criteria include repeated unexpected panic attacks, persistent concern about having another attack, behavioral changes to avoid triggering situations, and ruling out other medical conditions.
To determine the stage or severity of panic attacks in children, additional examinations and tests may include:
- Panic Disorder Severity Scale for Children: This scale helps assess the severity of panic symptoms in children.
- Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-C/P): This structured interview schedule is used to determine diagnoses of panic disorder and other disorders happening at the same time.
It's important to note that specific tests may vary depending on the individual case. Consulting with a healthcare professional is crucial for accurate diagnosis and assessment.
The goals of treatment for panic attack in children are:
- Coping with and reducing symptoms associated with panic attacks, such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and fear
- Challenging and changing catastrophic interpretations and inflated responsibilities that contribute to panic attacks
- Increasing the ability to handle difficult situations without worry or fear
Recommended treatments for panic attack in children include:
- Medications: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed to treat panic disorder in children and adolescents. These medications help regulate serotonin levels in the brain, which can improve mood and reduce anxiety symptoms. Benzodiazepines may also be prescribed temporarily to manage panic attacks while waiting for SSRIs to take effect.
- Therapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is often the first-line therapy for panic attacks in children. CBT helps children identify triggers, challenge negative thoughts, and develop coping mechanisms to manage panic symptoms. Interoceptive exposure is another therapy technique that helps children become accustomed to the physical sensations of a panic attack in a safe environment, reducing fear and breaking down symptoms into manageable stages.
- Health behavior changes: Relaxation techniques such as slow breathing and visualization can help children manage anxiety and reduce the intensity of panic attacks. Encouraging regular exercise, a healthy diet, and adequate sleep can also contribute to overall well-being.
Medication dosing may be affected by many factors. Check with your health care professional about dosing for your individual situation. Other side effects can occur. Check with your healthcare professional or read the information provided with your medication for additional sides effect information.