Causes and Risk Factors for Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection)

Overview

Pyelonephritis, also known as a kidney infection, is often caused by a urinary tract infection (UTI) that spreads to one or both of the kidneys. The infection usually starts in the bladder or urethra and then moves up to the kidneys. It is also possible for bacteria or viruses to travel through the blood stream from another part of the body and infect the kidney. The main bacterium responsible for pyelonephritis is Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines. Other bacteria such as Citrobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphyloccus, and enterococci can also contribute to the development of pyelonephritis. It's important to note that pyelonephritis can be caused by both bacterial and viral infections.

Non-modifiable Risk Factors (Risk Factors You Can't Change)

Non-modifiable risk factors are risk factors that cannot be changed. Non-modifiable risk factors for pyelonephritis include:

• Age: As people get older, their risk of developing this infection may increase.
• Female sex: Females are at higher risk of developing a urinary tract infection that can lead to pyelonephritis.
• Pregnancy: Physical changes during pregnancy may make it easier for bacteria or viruses to travel to the kidneys.
• Having a urinary catheter (tube inserted into the urethra and to the bladder to allow urine drainage)
• Conditions resulting in urinary tract blockage, decreased urine flow or urinary retention, including:
  • Kidney stones
  • Enlarged prostate
  • Narrowed urethra
• Having a weakened immune systems because of conditions or taking immunosuppressive medications.
• Menopause: Vaginal dryness associated with menopause may increase the risk of urinary tract infection.

It's important to remember that these non-modifiable risk factors do not guarantee the development of pyelonephritis. They simply indicate an increased likelihood compared to individuals without these risk factors.

Modifiable Risk Factors (Factors You May Be Able to Change)

One of the modifiable risk factors for pyelonephritis is prevention of urinary tract infections (UTI) that often occur before development of pyelonephritis. Modifiable risk factors for developing urinary tract infection include:

• Wiping from back to front after urinating or having a bowel movement
• Holding urine for too long
• Being overweight or obese
• Using products that may irritate the urogenital area, such as vaginal deodorants, vaginal douching, and bubble baths
• Using contraception methods that require insertion of material, such as diagphragms or spermicide
• Having sex

It's important to note that these risk factors increase the chances of developing a UTI and not specifically pyelonephritis. People with UTI may not develop pyelonephritis. Modifying these risk factors by addressing any abnormalities or underlying conditions can help reduce the risk of developing pyelonephritis.

Reducing Risks

To prevent or reduce the chances of getting pyelonephritis, a person can take the following actions:

• Not hold urine for long periods of time
• Drink an adequate amount of fluid to stimulate urination
• Maintain a moderate weight
• Modify urination and bowel movement hygiene to wipe back to front after urinating or having a bowel movement
• Wash the genital area before and after sexual intercourse, and void (urinate) after intercourse
• Consider contraceptive alternatives to diaphragms or spermicides
• Avoid frequent douching or use of products such as vaginal deodorants

Remember that while these actions can be helpful in preventing or reducing the chances of getting a urinary tract infection that may result in pyelonephritis, it's always important to consult with your doctor for personalized advice and guidance.