Diagnosing Hypersensitivity (Allergic Reactions)
Overview
Hypersensitivity Reactions (HSRs) are exaggerated immune responses to substances that are usually harmless for most people. HSRs that can result in various symptoms that include:
- Itchy skin and rashes
- Itchy or watery eyes
- Runny nose
- Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
- Severe reactions: wheezing, difficulty breathing, swelling of lips or tongue, and low blood pressure. Severe reactions may be life threatening and require immediate medical treatment.
- To diagnose HSRs, several examinations, tests, and procedures are used. These help determine the cause of hypersensitivity reactions and potential severity of HSR. Specialists involved in diagnosing HSRs may include allergists, immunologists, and other healthcare professionals with expertise in allergies and immune system disorders.
Examinations, screening tests, and procedures that may be used to diagnose HSRs include:
- Clinical History: A detailed clinical history is crucial in identifying the possibility of an allergic reaction. Patients provide information about their symptoms, triggers, and previous reactions to medications or substances.
- Allergy Tests: These tests are performed on the patient's body to assess their immune response. These tests should be performed by doctors who specialize in allergy and immunology in offices and clinics equipped to manage allergic reactions. Tests include:
- Skin Prick Test (SPT): A small amount of the suspected allergen is applied to the skin using a tiny needle prick. If a reaction occurs, it suggests an IgE-mediated reaction
- Intradermal Testing (IDT): Similar to SPT but involves injecting a small amount of the allergen under the skin. It helps identify delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
- Drug Provocation Test (DPT): This test involves administering increasing doses of the suspected drug under medical supervision to observe any adverse reactions.
- Blood Tests: These laboratory tests analyze blood samples for specific markers of allergic reactions. They include:
- Specific IgE: Measures the level of IgE antibodies specific to certain allergens.
- Basophil Activation Test (BAT): Determines the activation of basophils, a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions.
- Serum Levels of Tryptase, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, or Lymphocyte Transformation Test (LTT): Measures various inflammatory factors associated with hypersensitivity reactions.
Other tests may be recommended based on initial findings or individual factors. Ii's important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of HSRs.