About Cranial Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis)
Cranial arteritis, also known as temporal arteritis, is caused by inflammation of the large arteries, specifically the temporal arteries located on the side of the head. The exact cause of cranial arteritis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a misguided immune response that leads to inflammation of artery walls. This inflammation can result in swelling and narrowing of the affected vessels, reducing blood flow. In severe cases, the arteries can become completely blocked, posing a threat to vision or potentially causing a stroke if the arteries supplying the brain are affected.
Non-modifiable risk factors are risk factors that cannot be changed. Non modifiable risk factors for cranial arteritis include:
- Age: Cranial arteritis is more common in individuals aged 50 and older.
- Gender: It is more frequently observed in women than men.
Modifiable risk factors for cranial arteritis are not well-documented. However, it is important to note that some risk factors for other forms of arteritis, such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking history, may also play a role in cranial arteritis. It is advisable to maintain a healthy lifestyle and manage these conditions to reduce overall cardiovascular risk.
The most common early symptoms of cranial arteritis (temporal arteritis) include:
- Severe, persistent, and possibly throbbing headache, usually on one side or at the front of the head
- Tender temples
- Mouth-related pain, especially affecting the jaw, that may be felt when eating
- Pain in the tongue, throat, or face
- Pain or swelling on top of the head or scalp
- Blurry or double vision
As cranial arteritis progresses or becomes more severe, additional symptoms may occur:
- Flu-like feeling with a loss of appetite, weight loss, sweating, fever, and malaise
- Fatigue and low energy levels
- Loss of weight or appetite
- Aching in the jaw muscles when chewing
- Changes in vision or vision loss
- Weakness or paralysis in the face
- Slurred speech
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Immediate medical help is needed if vision problems occur. Remember to consult your healthcare professional for personalized advice.
To diagnose cranial arteritis, healthcare providers commonly perform the following examinations, tests, and procedures:
- Medical history: Gathering information about your symptoms, medical history, and any risk factors.
- Physical examination: Assessing your general health and looking for specific signs of cranial arteritis, such as tender or swollen blood vessels in the temples.
- Blood tests: Checking for markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP).
- Temporal artery biopsy: Removing a small sample of the temporal artery to examine it for inflammation.
- Imaging tests: Using techniques like ultrasound or MRI to visualize the blood vessels and detect any abnormalities.
To determine the stage or severity of cranial arteritis, additional examinations, tests, and procedures may include:
- Ophthalmic examination: Evaluating the blood flow in the eyes and checking for any complications affecting vision.
- Doppler ultrasound: Assessing blood flow through the arteries to detect any blockages or narrowing.
- Angiography: Injecting a contrast dye into the blood vessels and taking X-ray images to identify any abnormalities.
- Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA): Using MRI technology to create detailed images of the blood vessels.
Remember, these are general procedures, and your healthcare provider will determine which tests are most appropriate for your individual situation.
The goals of treatment for cranial arteritis are to:
- Reduce inflammation: Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed to reduce inflammation in the blood vessels. These medications work by suppressing the immune system and reducing the production of inflammatory substances.
- Relieve symptoms: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used to help relieve pain and reduce inflammation. These medications work by blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation.
- Prevent complications: To prevent complications such as vision loss or stroke, medications called immunosuppressants may be prescribed. These medications work by suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage to the blood vessels.
- Manage symptoms: Therapeutic procedures such as physical therapy or occupational therapy may be recommended to help manage symptoms and improve overall function.
It's important to note that the specific treatment plan for cranial arteritis will vary depending on the individual's condition and medical history. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Making certain lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking, can also help improve overall health and reduce the risk of complications.
Medication dosing may be affected by many factors. Check with your health care professional about dosing for your individual situation. Other side effects can occur. Check with your health care professional or read the information provided with your medication for additional side effect information.