About Parathyroid Cancer
Parathyroid cancer is a rare type of cancer, and its exact cause is unknown. However, there are certain factors that can increase the risk of developing parathyroid cancer.
Non-modifiable risk factors are factors that cannot be altered or changed to lower the chances of getting the disease. In the case of parathyroid cancer, the only known non-modifiable risk factors are certain inherited genetic conditions below:
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1): A genetic disorder causing tumors in hormone-producing glands, including the parathyroids, increasing the risk of parathyroid cancer.
- Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome: A rare inherited syndrome that causes overactive parathyroid glands and jaw tumors, raising the risk of parathyroid cancer.
- Familial Isolated Hyperparathyroidism (FIHP): An inherited condition affecting only the parathyroid glands, leading to overactivity and a higher risk of cancer.
- Family History: Having close relatives with parathyroid cancer increases one’s risk of developing it.
Modifiable risk factors are factors that can usually be changed to lower the chances of getting the disease. Currently, there is limited information available about specific modifiable risk factors for parathyroid cancer. However, it is generally recommended to maintain a healthy lifestyle by engaging in regular physical activity, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption. These healthy habits can help reduce the overall risk of developing various types of cancers.
The most common early symptoms of parathyroid cancer include:
- High levels of blood calcium (hypercalcemia)
- High levels of parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism)
- Fatigue
- Muscle pain
- Bone pain
- Reduced appetite
- Unintentional weight loss
- Excessive thirst
- Frequent urination
- Kidney stones
As parathyroid cancer progresses or reaches higher severity, additional symptoms may occur. These can include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Constipation
- Trouble swallowing
- Hoarse voice
- Confusion
- Lump in the neck
It's important to note that these symptoms can also be associated with other, less serious conditions. If you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they persist for more than a week or two, it's best to consult with a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis. They can help determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment options.
To diagnose parathyroid cancer, the following examinations, tests, and procedures are commonly performed:
- Physical exam and health history: This includes checking for signs of disease and discussing your medical history and symptoms.
- Blood chemistry studies: A blood sample is taken to measure the levels of the calcium in the blood. An abnormal amount of calcium can indicate parathyroid cancer.
- Parathyroid hormone test: Another blood test is done to measure the amount of parathyroid hormone released by the parathyroid glands. An elevated level can indicate parathyroid cancer.
- Sestamibi scan: This is a type of imaging test that uses a small amount of radioactive material to identify an overactive parathyroid gland.
Additional examinations, tests, and procedures to determine the stage or severity of parathyroid cancer may include:
- CT scan: This imaging test creates detailed images of organs and glands, helping doctors visualize the size and location of tumors.
- Ultrasound exam: High-energy sound waves are used to create an image (sonogram) of body tissues, including the parathyroid glands.
- Angiogram: This procedure examines blood vessels and blood flow using a contrast dye and x-rays.
- Venous sampling: Blood samples are taken from specific veins near each parathyroid gland to determine which gland is overactive.
Remember, only healthcare professionals can perform these tests accurately and provide appropriate diagnoses.
The goals of treatment for parathyroid cancer are:
- Remove the tumor: Surgery is the primary treatment for parathyroid cancer. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible during surgery.
- Control hypercalcemia: Hypercalcemia, which is an elevated level of calcium in the blood, is a common symptom of parathyroid cancer. Medications such as IV fluids, diuretics, and antiresorptive agents can help control hypercalcemia.
- Prevent recurrence: After surgery, additional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be recommended to kill any remaining cancer cells, stop the spread of cancer, and prevent recurrence.
- Manage symptoms: Treatment may also involve medications to lower calcium levels in the blood and reduce symptoms associated with parathyroid cancer.
The recommended medication types and therapies include:
Medication:
- Intravenous (IV) fluids: These fluids can help lower calcium levels in the blood.
- Oral medications to control calcium levels: Certain medications can be taken orally to regulate calcium levels.
- Oral medications to stop bone breakdown: Medications can be prescribed to prevent bone breakdown caused by high calcium levels.
Surgical procedures:
- Metastasectomy: Surgery to remove cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.
- Tumor debulking: Surgery to remove a portion of the tumor.
- Surgery followed by radiation therapy: Surgical removal of the tumor followed by radiation therapy.
It's important to note that specific treatment recommendations may vary depending on individual circumstances. It's best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice. Medication dosing may be affected by many factors. Check with your healthcare professional about dosing for your individual situation. Other side effects can occur. Check with your healthcare professional or read the information provided with your medication for additional side effect information.