Diagnosing Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. Specialists involved in diagnosing ovarian cancer may include gynecologists, gynecologic oncologists, and pathologists. To diagnose ovarian cancer, doctors use a combination of examinations, screening tests, and procedures. These include:
- Pelvic exam: During the exam, the healthcare provider will gently examine the area around the vagina, and then use a speculum, a tool that helps open the vagina slightly, to look at the cervix (the opening to the uterus). They may also use their hands to feel the uterus, ovaries, and other organs to check for any lumps or changes.
- Transvaginal ultrasound: This imaging test uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries. It helps doctors look for tumors or abnormalities.
- Biomarker test: The CA-125 blood test is used to measure specific biomarkers associated with ovarian cancer. Elevated levels of CA-125 may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer.
- Gene tests: Genetic testing can identify genetic features that may increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
- Surgical biopsy: In a surgical biopsy, doctors remove a sample of suspected cancerous tissue for further examination by a pathologist.
- Laparoscopy: This minimally invasive procedure involves inserting a thin, lighted tube into the abdomen to examine the ovaries for any changes or abnormalities.
To determine the type, severity, or stage of ovarian cancer, additional examinations and tests may be performed:
- Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans can provide detailed information about the size and location of tumors in the ovaries and other organs.
- Urinalysis: A urinalysis may be conducted to check for signs of infection or blood in the urine, which can occur if ovarian cancer has spread to the bladder and kidneys.
- Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray helps detect if tumors have spread to the lungs.
- Barium enema: This test is used to examine if the tumor has spread to the colon or rectum.
It's important to note that regular ovarian cancer screenings are not recommended for everyone, so it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional about your specific situation and any symptoms you may be experiencing. They will guide you through appropriate diagnostic procedures and tests based on your individual needs and medical history.