Causes and Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that occurs when plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell, grow out of control in the bone marrow. Multiple myeloma starts with genetic changes in one plasma cell. These changes can affect genes called oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth. Changes to these genes may cause plasma cells to grow uncontrollably.
Multiple myeloma can develop from precursor conditions such as indolent myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). These conditions can progress into active multiple myeloma over time.
The exact cause of multiple myeloma is still unclear, but scientists have identified several factors that may play a role in its development.
Non-modifiable risk factors for multiple myeloma include:
Risk Factors: While the exact cause is unknown, several risk factors have been identified. These include increasing age (it rarely appears in people under the age of 45 years), male sex, African American race, radiation exposure, a family history of the condition, obesity, and a personal history of MGUS.
- Age: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is usually diagnosed in people between the ages of 40 years and 70 years. Most cases are diagnosed in people over the age of 65.
- Sex assigned at birth: Multiple myeloma occurs about twice as often males.
- Genetics: Having a positive family history (parent or sibling) of multiple myeloma or related cancers is a non-modifiable risk factor. Additionally, a history of solitary plasmacytoma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) increases the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
- Race or ethnicity: There is a higher incidence of multiple myeloma in people who are Black compared to people who are white. It is also more common among people of African descent.
It's important to note that non-modifiable risk factors cannot be altered or changed. However, understanding these risk factors can help healthcare professionals identify individuals who may be at a higher risk for developing multiple myeloma and provide appropriate screenings and interventions.
Modifiable risk factors are factors that can be changed or controlled to reduce the risk of developing multiple myeloma. They include:
- Obesity: Obesity refers to having an excess amount of body fat. It is defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher. BMI is a measure of body fat based on a person's height and weight.
- Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing the disease at different stages, including the precursor disease state known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). MGUS is a premalignant condition characterized by the presence of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow and the absence of end organ damage.
- It's important to note that while obesity is a modifiable risk factor, it does not guarantee that an individual will develop multiple myeloma. However, maintaining a healthy weight through regular physical activity and a balanced diet can contribute to overall health and may help reduce the risk of multiple myeloma as well as other chronic diseases.
- Radiation exposure: Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as through occupations at nuclear facilities or during cancer treatment, may increase the risk.
- Chemical exposure: Exposure to certain chemicals like benzene, solvents, pesticides, or herbicides might also increase the risk.
There are several actions that a person can take to modify their risk factors and potentially reduce the chances of developing multiple myeloma. While it's important to note that not all risk factors are modifiable, making certain lifestyle changes can still have a positive impact on overall health. Here are some steps individuals can consider:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity has been identified as a potential risk factor for multiple myeloma. By maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet, individuals may be able to reduce their risk.
- Protect Against Radiation Exposure: High levels of radiation exposure, such as from certain medical procedures or occupational hazards, have been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma. It is important to discuss any concerns about radiation exposure with healthcare providers and follow appropriate safety measures, such as protective clothing and other protective gear at work or use of protective shields during radiation medical procedures.
- While certain health behaviors have not been definitively linked to the development of multiple myeloma, lifestyle modifications may help reduce the overall risk of cancers and other conditions and improve overall health outcomes.
- Stay Active: Engaging in regular physical activity has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of various diseases. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week.
- Eat a Nutritious Diet: Consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health. Limiting processed foods, sugary drinks, and red meats may also be beneficial.
- Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption has inconsistently linked to an increased risk of multiple myeloma. To lower the possible risk, it is recommended to limit alcohol intake or avoid it altogether.
- Avoid Tobacco Products: Smoking and other tobacco products have been associated with an increased risk of many cancers, although not specifically multiple myeloma. Quitting smoking or avoiding tobacco products altogether can significantly support overall health and reduces risks for many conditions.
- Regular Check-ups: While there are no specific screening tests for multiple myeloma, routine visits with a primary care doctor can help detect early signs before symptoms occur. If there are any concerns or symptoms suggestive of multiple myeloma, further diagnostic tests such as blood work and imaging may be recommended.
It is important to discuss changes to diet and physical activities with a healthcare professionals, especially people with medical conditions or wishing to make significant changes. As always, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on individual circumstances.