Causes and Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-modifiable risk factors may increase a person's likelihood of developing this NHL. These risk factors cannot be changed or controlled. Some examples of non-modifiable risk factors for NHL include:
- Age: Most people diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are 65 years or older. However, there are some subtypes that are more common in people under 60.
- Sex assigned at birth: Being male is associated with a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, some subtypes have a higher risk in females.
- Autoimmune conditions: Some autoimmune conditions, like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, are associated with a higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Inherited DNA mutations: It is possible to inherit DNA mutations from a parent, which can increase the risk for certain types of cancer, including NHL. However, experts believe that most of the DNA changes related to NHL occur after birth rather than being inherited.
- Acquired gene changes: These are DNA changes that happen after birth and are not inherited. They can result from exposure to radiation, chemicals, or infections. These acquired gene changes often do not have a clear underlying cause.
- Race or ethnicity: White Americans have the highest risk of NHL in the United States. African American and Asian American individuals have a lower risk compared to white individuals.
It is important to note that having these non-modifiable risk factors does not guarantee that a person will develop NHL. They simply indicate an increased likelihood or higher risk compared to individuals without these factors.
Modifiable risk factors may increase a person's likelihood of developing this NHL. These risk factors potentially may be changed or controlled, which may decrease a person’s risk for developing NHL. Examples of modifiable risk factors for NHL include:
- Weakened immune system: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who take immunosuppressant medications, have a higher risk of NHL.
- Radiation exposure: Previous exposure to radiation, including radiation used to treat other types of cancer, increases the risk of developing NHL.
- Chemical and toxin exposure: People exposed to certain pesticides and other chemicals may be at increased risk for developing NHL. Previous treatment with chemotherapy may also increase the risk.
- Certain infections: Some viral infections, such as HIV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are linked to a higher risk of NHL.
- Poor diet: Having an unhealthful diet, such as one that is high in processed foods and low in fruits and vegetables, may increase the risk of NHL. It is recommended to maintain a healthy diet by including a variety of nutritious foods.
- Lack of physical activity: Leading a sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity may increase the risk of NHL. Engaging in regular exercise and staying physically active can help reduce this risk.
It's important to note that having one or more modifiable risk factors does not guarantee that someone will develop NHL. However, making positive changes to these lifestyle factors can contribute to overall health and well-being.
Reducing the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves taking certain actions to modify risk factors. Here are some steps a person can take to prevent or reduce their chances of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma:
- Reduce risk of infections that are risk factors for NHL:
- Practice safe sex: Using condoms during sexual activity can help reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including hepatitis C and HIV, which are linked to an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Avoid sharing needles: Sharing needles can increase the risk of contracting hepatitis C and other blood-borne infections, which in turn can increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is important to follow safety procedures for using and disposing of needles in healthcare settings and never share needles.
- Avoid exposure to radiation, toxins, and harmful chemicals: Limiting or avoiding exposure to radiation, toxins, and harmful chemicals can help reduce the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This includes taking precautions in occupational settings where exposure to these substances may occur. Precautions include using a protective gear provided when handling harmful substances.
- Optimize overall health and health of the immune system. While these may not be specific preventive measures for NHL, they help reduce risks of cancer and other conditions overall.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Eating a lot of high-fat foods and being overweight have been linked to a greater risk of developing Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Adopting a healthful, low-fat diet and maintaining a suitable weight can not only reduce the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma but also lower the risk of other serious and chronic diseases.
- Get enough sleep: Adequate sleep is important for maintaining overall health and a strong immune system. Regularly getting enough sleep can help support a healthy immune system.
- Exercise regularly: Engaging in regular physical activity has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of various diseases, includingmany cancers. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week.
- Attend regular checkups: If you have medical conditions that impair your immune function, such as HIV or celiac disease, it is essential to attend regular checkups and work with your healthcare provider to keep these conditions under control. Managing these conditions effectively may help lower the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
It's important to note that while these actions may help reduce the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, they do not guarantee complete prevention. If you have concerns about your risk factors or want personalized advice, it's always best to consult with your healthcare provider. They can provide guidance based on your individual health history and circumstances.