About Acute Myelogenous (Myeloid) Leukemia (AML)
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. The causes of AML are still unknown, but scientists believe it results from abnormalities in genes that control blood cell production and growth.
Non-modifiable risk factors for AML (factors a person cannot change or control) include:
- Increasing age: AML is more common in adults, especially those over 60 years old.
- Genetic disorders: Certain genetic conditions like Down syndrome and Fanconi anemia can increase the risk of developing AML.
- Males
Modifiable risk factors for AML (factors a person can change or control) include:
- Smoking
- Chemical exposure
- Radiation exposure
- History of chemotherapy
It's important to note that these risk factors do not guarantee the development of AML, and many people with AML do not have any known risk factors. If you have concerns about your risk for AML, it's best to consult with your healthcare professional for personalized advice.
The most common early symptoms of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) can include:
- Fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Loss of appetite
As AML progresses or reaches higher severity, additional symptoms may occur. These can include:
- Frequent infections, such as respiratory, digestive tract, and skin infections
- Severe anemia (low amount of red blood cells)
- Headaches
- Irritability,
- Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet
- Weakness
- Paleness
- Dizziness and lightheadedness
- More severe bleeding and bruising
- Flat red spots on the skin (petechiae)
- Rashes
- Swollen abdomen
- Bone or joint pain
- Swollen lymph nodes
It's important to note that these symptoms can vary from person to person. If you're experiencing any concerning symptoms or have any questions, it's best to consult with your healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
To diagnose acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the following examinations, tests, and procedures are commonly performed:
- Physical exam: The healthcare provider will look for physical signs of a medical problem, such as pain, swelling, or the presence of masses in the body.
- Blood tests: A complete blood count (CBC) is done to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
- Bone marrow biopsy: A small sample of bone marrow is taken from the hipbone or breastbone to examine the cells for abnormalities.
- Cytogenetic analysis: This test looks for changes in the chromosomes of leukemia cells, which can help determine the subtype and prognosis of AML.
To determine the severity of AML, additional examinations, tests, and procedures may be performed:
- Lumbar puncture: This procedure involves removing a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid from the lower back to check for leukemia cells in the central nervous system.
- Imaging studies: X-rays, MRI scans, or CT scans may be done to look for signs of leukemia in other parts of the body.
- Flow cytometry: This test uses antibodies to identify specific proteins on leukemia cells, helping to classify the subtype and determine treatment options.
- Genetic testing: Certain genetic mutations or abnormalities can affect prognosis and treatment decisions. Genetic testing can help identify these changes.
Remember that these tests and procedures should be discussed with your healthcare provider for personalized advice and guidance.
The goals of treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) are to reduce symptoms and improve overall survival. Treatment for AML includes:
- Medications:
- Chemotherapy: The main form of treatment for AML, it aims to kill cancer cells and prevent their growth.
- Targeted therapies: These drugs specifically target certain molecules or pathways involved in AML cell growth, leading to cell death.
- Biological therapy or immunotherapy: This approach uses substances that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.
- Corticosteroids: These medications help reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
- Stem cell transplantation: In this procedure, healthy stem cells are transplanted into the patient's body to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow.
- Health Behavior Changes:
- Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, engaging in regular exercise, and getting enough rest can support overall health during treatment.
- Following medical advice: It is important to adhere to the prescribed treatment plan, attend follow-up appointments, and communicate any concerns with healthcare providers.
These treatments work together to target cancer cells, reduce their growth, and improve the chances of achieving remission. However, it's essential to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice as medication dosing may vary based on individual circumstances. Additionally, each treatment option may have specific side effects that should be discussed with a healthcare professional.
Medication dosing may be affected by many factors. Check with your health care professional about dosing for your individual situation. Other side effects can occur. Check with your health care professional or read the information provided with your medication for additional side effect information.