Diagnosing Wilms Tumor

Overview

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. Specialists involved in diagnosing Wilms tumor may include pediatricians, oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists. To diagnose Wilms tumor, healthcare providers commonly perform the following examinations, tests, and procedures:

Physical exam and health history: The healthcare provider will examine the body for any signs of a medical problem, such as pain, swelling, or the presence of masses within the body. They will also ask about the patient's health habits, past illnesses, and treatments.
Blood tests: Blood tests are performed to check for anemia (low red blood cell count) and coagulation rates (clotting ability). They also measure the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and levels of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen).
Urine tests: Urine tests assess renal function and can detect the presence of sugar, protein, blood, or bacteria.
Imaging studies: This may include X-rays, ultrasounds, MRI, and CT/PET scans to help visualize the extent of tumor spread and identify if it has reached other organs.
Biopsy: In some cases, a small piece of the tumor is taken through a biopsy procedure. It is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist to confirm the diagnosis.

To determine the type, severity, or stage of Wilms tumor, additional examinations, tests, or procedures may be done:

Lymph node biopsy: This involves removing part or all of a lymph node in the abdomen to check for cancer cells under a microscope. It helps determine if cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Liver function test: A blood sample is checked to measure substances released by the liver. Abnormal levels may indicate liver dysfunction related to cancer spread.
Bone scan: A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The material collects in areas with rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells in bones. A scanner detects this radioactive material and helps determine if there is cancer in the bones.

These examinations and tests provide valuable information about the presence and characteristics of Wilms tumor. However, it's important to consult with healthcare professionals who can interpret these results accurately and guide appropriate treatment options based on individual circumstances.