Complications of Head and Neck Cancers

Overview

Head and neck cancer is a term used to describe a group of malignant tumors that develop in the mouth, throat, larynx (voice box), and other parts of the head. Head and neck cancer can have various complications that can impact a person's quality of life. Some common complications include:

• Swallowing difficulties: Cancers in the throat may cause dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing food and liquids
• Hoarseness or voice changes
• Facial numbness or paralysis
• Mouth problems, including mouth sores or ulcers
• Changes to breathing
• Changes to speech
• Complications may also occur from the treatment of head and neck cancer, including:
• Mucosal inflammation or oral mucositis: This is the main complication of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. It is characterized by painful inflammation of the lining of the mouth and throat. It can start early in treatment and become more severe over time, sometimes discouraging patients from continuing treatment. Factors that can affect the severity and duration of mucositis include the radiation source, cumulative dose, intensity, volume of irradiated mucosa, smoking, alcohol consumption, as well as predisposing factors like xerostomia (dry mouth) or infection.
  • To prevent or manage mucosal inflammation, it is important for patients to maintain good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing. They should also avoid spicy or acidic foods that can irritate the mouth and throat. Using a soft-bristled toothbrush and rinsing with a gentle mouthwash can help soothe the oral tissues. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider for specific guidance on managing mucositis.
• Complications from surgery: Surgery is a common treatment for head and neck cancer, but it can also lead to complications such as scarring and pain. These complications may persist even after the cancer has been successfully treated.
  • To prevent complications from surgery, it is important for patients to follow their healthcare provider's post-operative instructions carefully. This may include wound care techniques, pain management strategies, and physical therapy exercises to promote healing and reduce discomfort.
• Vascular disturbances and chronic pain: Chronic pain can be a long-term complication of head and neck cancer treatment, including surgery. Vascular disturbances may contribute to this type of pain. Medications have been used to manage postoperative neuropathic pain; however, they may have side effects and may not provide sufficient relief for everyone.
  • To prevent or manage chronic pain, it is important for patients to communicate with their healthcare provider about their symptoms and concerns. They may recommend various strategies such as physical therapy, relaxation techniques, or alternative therapies like acupuncture or massage. Each person's experience with chronic pain is unique, so it's important to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop an individualized pain management plan.
• Chemotherapy side effects: Chemotherapy has several side effects, depending on the specific chemotherapy used. Side effects may include:
  • Immunosuppression, which makes it more difficult for a person to fight off infection.
  • Nausea and vomiting, which makes it difficult to eat
  • Mucositis, or sores in the mouth and digestive tract, which may cause pain and make it difficult to eat

Overall, preventing complications from head and neck cancer involves maintaining good oral hygiene during treatment, following post-operative instructions carefully after surgery, and communicating openly with healthcare providers about any symptoms or concerns that arise. It's essential for individuals undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer to have a supportive healthcare team that can provide guidance on managing complications if they occur.