Diagnosing Fallopian Tube Cancer

Overview

Fallopian tube cancer is a condition where normal cells in one or both of the fallopian tubes undergo uncontrolled growth, forming a tumor. In many cases, fallopian tube cancer may not cause symptoms at an early stage and may be found during a routine pelvic exam. When symptoms do occur, it often is after the cancer has spread.

To diagnose fallopian tube cancer, several examinations, screening tests, and procedures may be done. These help confirm the diagnosis and determine the type, severity, or stage of the cancer. Here's what you need to know:

• Physical exam: During a physical exam, a healthcare provider will look for physical signs of a medical problem, such as pain, swelling, or the presence of masses within the body.
• Pelvic exam: A pelvic exam is an exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. During this exam, a healthcare provider inserts a speculum into the vagina to check for signs of disease. They may also insert one or two lubricated fingers into the vagina and place their other hand over your lower abdomen to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries.
• Lab tests: Your healthcare provider may recommend specific lab tests, such as a blood draw. These tests check samples of your blood, urine, or body tissues to help diagnose the disease.
• CA 125 assay: A CA 125 assay is a blood test that measures the level of CA 125 in your blood. CA 125 is a protein that can be elevated in certain types of cancer, including fallopian tube cancer.
• Imaging studies: Diagnostic imaging studies allow doctors to look inside your body for clues to help diagnose or manage fallopian tube cancer. The type of imaging study chosen depends on your symptoms and the part of the body being examined. For fallopian tube cancer diagnosis, imaging studies are used to look for tumors. Common imaging studies include:
  • Transvaginal ultrasound: This procedure provides a detailed view of the pelvic organs, including the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It can detect abnormal growths in the pelvic area.
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan: For diagnosis fallopian tube cancer, this procedure uses a series of X-rays and a computer to create detailed images of the organs and blood vessels in the pelvis. It can detect abnormal growths.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: This imaging test uses a radioactive chemical (radiotracer) injected into a vein. The radiotracer travels to areas of the body where cells are rapidly multiplying, such as with cancer cells. These areas are detected with the PET scan.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: This imaging test uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed images of organs and other structures in the body.

These examinations and tests can help identify any physical signs or abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer cells. Using this information, additional tests and procedures are needed to confirm the diagnosis and obtain additional information about the cancer.

• Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing a small sample of fluid or tissue from the affected area for examination under a microscope. This helps determine if cancer cells are present and what type they are. Tissue sample may be obtained through:
  • Ultrasound or CT scan guided tissue biopsy: A needle is inserted to obtain a tissue sample
  • Exploratory surgery: During a surgical procedure, the surgeon can obtain a tissue sample from the fallopian tubes or nearby lymph nodes.
  • Paracentesis: A needle is inserted the abdomen to collect a sample of fluid.
• Surgical procedures: Depending on the stage and severity of the cancer, surgical procedures may be performed to remove tumors or affected tissue. These procedures can provide more information about the extent of the cancer.
• Staging tests: Staging tests help determine how far the cancer has spread within the body. These may include imaging studies like CT scans or PET scans to assess lymph nodes or other organs for signs of metastasis (spread).
  • Stage 1: Cancer is found in one or both fallopian tubes.
  • Stage 2: Cancer is found in one or both fallopian tubes and in nearby tissues in the pelvis.
  • Stage 3: Cancer is found in one or both fallopian tubes and has spread outside the pelvis to lymph nodes or nearby organs.
  • Stage 4: Cancer is found in one or both fallopian tubes and has spread to the liver or distant organs such as the brain or lungs.

By conducting these additional examinations and tests, healthcare providers can gather more information about the type and stage of fallopian tube cancer. This information helps guide treatment decisions and prognosis.

Remember that it's important to consult with your healthcare provider if you have any concerns or symptoms related to fallopian tube cancer. They can provide personalized advice based on your individual situation.