Complications of Colorectal Cancer

Overview

Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the colon and/or rectum. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in these areas. Colorectal cancer is curable in its early stages. Stage 4 colorectal cancer is usually not curable. Complications may develop from colorectal cancer, especially in the later stages. In addition, complications may result from treatment of colorectal cancer. Complications can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and overall well-being.

Possible complications for colorectal cancer include:

• Bowel obstruction (blockage of the colon): In some cases, colorectal cancer can cause a blockage in the intestine that prevents food and stool from passing through. This can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation. Surgery may be required to relieve the obstruction and restore normal bowel function.
• Cancer spreading to other organs (metastasis). Symptoms and health problems may occur based upon the other organs affected. Common sites for colorectal cancer metastasis include:
  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • Bones
  • Brain or spinal cord

Possible complications from colorectal cancer treatments include:

• Intraoperative complications: During colorectal surgery, there can be complications such as bleeding, bowel injuries, ureteral lesions, and bladder injuries. Surgeons take precautions to minimize these risks by carefully monitoring the surgical site and using techniques to control bleeding.
• Postoperative infections: Colorectal surgery carries a higher risk of postoperative infections due to direct surgical manipulation and the presence of bacteria in the large intestine. To prevent infections, prophylactic antibiotics are often administered before surgery. However, despite these measures, infectious complications can still occur. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial in managing postoperative infections.
• Anastomotic leakage: One of the most detrimental complications of colorectal surgery is anastomotic leakage (AL). This occurs when there is a breakdown or leakage at the site where two ends of the intestine are joined back together after tumor removal. AL can lead to infection, abscess formation, and impaired colorectal function. Surgeons use meticulous surgical techniques and perform tests to assess the integrity of the anastomosis to minimize the risk of leakage.
• Cardiovascular and respiratory complications: Elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery may be at increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory adverse events due to advanced age and reduced tolerance to trauma. Preoperative optimization with medications like beta-blockers and preoperative exercise can help reduce these risks.
• Impaired quality of life: Permanent colostomy may be necessary for some patients with colorectal cancer. This involves creating an opening in the abdomen for waste elimination when normal bowel function is not possible. Careful management of colostomy is important to prevent complications such as infection, stoma stenosis (narrowing), and dermatitis around the stoma site.

It's important to note that while these complications can occur, not all patients will experience them. Each individual's situation is unique, and their healthcare team will closely monitor them before, during, and after surgery to minimize risks and provide appropriate treatment if any complications arise.

If you or a loved one are facing colorectal cancer surgery or have concerns about potential complications, it's essential to consult with your healthcare provider who can provide personalized advice based on your specific circumstances. They will guide you through preventive measures and address any concerns you may have along your treatment journey.