Causes and Risk Factors for Colon Cancer
Colon cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (large intestine). Colon cancer occurs when cells in the colon develop changes in their DNA that causes colon to multiply too quickly. The cells may form a mass called a tumor. The reason why this DNA change occurs is unknown. Some genetic mutations can be inherited from parents while others develop during a person's lifetime. These mutations do not guarantee that someone will develop colon cancer, but they do increase the chances.
There are a number of factors that increase the risk of developing colon cancer.
Non-modifiable risk factors for colon cancer include:
- Age: Increasing age is a significant non-modifiable risk factor for colon cancer. The risk of developing this cancer increases after the age of 40 and rises sharply after the age of 50.
- Genetic Predispositions: Positive family history of colon cancer and other related cancers cluster can increase the risk of developing colon cancer. Mutations in genes engaged in the DNA repair pathway, such as MLH1 and MSH2 genes, are responsible for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
- Previous History of Polyps: Having a previous history of polyps in the colon is another non-modifiable risk factor for colon cancer.
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs): Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are also non-modifiable risk factors for colon cancer.
While a person can’t change or control non-modifiable risk factors, they are important to know. People at high risk for colon cancer can be regularly screened for colon cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional regarding the frequency and type of screening recommended for an individual’s specific situation.
Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer are factors that can be changed or modified through lifestyle choices. These risk factors have been linked to an increased occurrence of colon cancer. Here are some modifiable risk factors for colon cancer:
- Obesity: Growing evidence suggests that obesity is a crucial risk factor for colon cancer. Body mass index (BMI) is used as an indicator of excess body weight. Studies have shown that individuals with higher obesity have a 22% higher risk of colon cancer compared to those with stable weight. Additionally, every 5 kg increase in body weight is associated with a 4% higher risk of colon cancer.
- Tobacco Use: Reducing tobacco use can help lower the risk of colon cancer.
- Physical Inactivity: Increasing physical activity has been linked to a decreased risk of colon cancer.
- Unhealthy Diet: Improving diet by consuming a balanced diet can reduce the risk of colon cancer.
- Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Limiting alcohol intake can help lower the risk of colon cancer.
It is important to note that having these modifiable risk factors does not automatically mean you will develop colon cancer, but they do increase the likelihood compared to individuals without these risk factors.
By making positive changes in lifestyle habits, such as maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, following a nutritious diet, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and protecting yourself from excessive sun exposure, you can reduce your risk of developing colon cancer.
There are several actions that a person can take to modify their risk factors and prevent or reduce the chances of getting colon cancer:
- Decrease the amount of red meat you eat: Reducing the consumption of red meat, such as beef and pork, may help lower your risk of colon cancer. Instead, focus on incorporating more plant-based foods into your diet.
- Avoid processed meats: Processed meats like hot dogs and deli meats have been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer. It's best to limit or avoid these types of processed meats.
- Eat more plant-based foods: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes can provide essential nutrients and fiber that may help reduce the risk of colon cancer.
- Decrease dietary fat: High-fat diets have been associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. Opt for healthier fats found in foods like avocados, nuts, and olive oil, while reducing the consumption of saturated and trans fats.
- Exercise daily: Regular physical activity is important for overall health and can also help lower your risk of colon cancer. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week.
- Maintain a healthy weight: If your doctor recommends it, losing weight can be beneficial in reducing your risk of colon cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise is important.
- Quit smoking: Smoking has been linked to many types of cancers, including colon cancer. Quitting smoking not only reduces your risk of colon cancer but also improves your overall health.
- Reduce alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption has been associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. It's best to limit or avoid alcohol altogether, or drink in moderation as recommended by healthcare professionals.
- Manage preexisting diabetes: If you have type 2 diabetes, it's important to manage it properly. Uncontrolled diabetes has been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer.
- Decrease stress: Chronic stress can have negative effects on overall health, including increasing the risk of certain diseases like colon cancer. Finding healthy ways to manage stress, such as through exercise, relaxation techniques, or talking to a therapist, can be beneficial.
- Get regular screenings: Early detection is key in treating colon cancer successfully. It's advisable to get a colonoscopy or other recommended screenings starting at age 45. The earlier any potential issues are detected, the better the outcome. Colon polyps found during colonoscopy can be removed since they may be precancerous. People at high risk for colon cancer may consider starting colon cancer screening at an earlier age.
Remember that these actions can help reduce the risk of developing colon cancer but are not foolproof guarantees. It's always important to consult with your doctor before making any significant changes to your lifestyle or starting any new treatments or medications.