About Colorectal Cancer Stage 3
Stage 3 colorectal cancer refers to a specific level of severity and spread of the disease. In this stage, the cancer has spread beyond the inner layers of the colon or rectum wall and may have invaded nearby tissues, such as lymph nodes. Stage 3 can be further divided into substages: 3A, 3B, and 3C based on spread to lymph nodes and nearby organs.
- Stage 3A: Cancer has grown into the muscular layers of the colon and has spread to nearby lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen.
- Stage 3B: Cancer has spread to nearby surrounding tissues (such as the ovaries or fallopian tubes in women), into the abdominal cavity lining or to nearby lymph nodes.
- Stage 3C: Cancer has grown through the muscular layers of the colon and has spread to four or more nearby lymph nodes.
It's important to note that stage 3 indicates that the cancer has not yet spread to distant sites in the body. Treatment for stage 3 colorectal cancer typically involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.
Colorectal cancer develops due to changes in the DNA (mutations) in the cells of the colon and rectum. These mutations may cause cells to grow more rapidly than normal. The exact reason this occurs is unknown but may be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Non-modifiable risk factors (factors a person cannot change or control) for colorectal cancer include:
- Age: The risk of colorectal cancer increases after the age of 40 and rises sharply after the age of 50.
- Hereditary factors: Approximately 5 to 10% of colorectal cancers may be the result of genetic mutations like:
- MLH1 and MSH2 genes being associated with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
- Tumor suppressor gene (APC) mutations being associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
- Family history or personal history of adenomas (colorectal polyps)
- History of inflammatory bowel disease
Modifiable risk factors are factors that can be influenced or changed. Modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer include:
- Unhealthy dietary habits: A Westernized diet that is low in fruits, vegetables, and high in processed meat and red meat has been associated with an increased risk.
- Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity and being overweight or obese can contribute to the development of colorectal cancer.
- Obesity: Being overweight or obese is a modifiable risk factor for colorectal cancer
- Smoking: Cigarette smoking has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
- Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption has been associated with a higher risk.
- Chronic diseases: Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease may increase the risk, especially if uncontrolled.
It's important to note that these risk factors are colorectal risk factors in general and not exclusive to stage 3. Risk factors have been identified as potential contributors to colorectal cancer; however, people with risk factors do not always develop disease. It's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and screening recommendations.
Common symptoms of stage 3 colorectal cancer may include:
- Changes in bowel movement habits such as constipation, diarrhea or ribbon-like stool
- Blood in the stool
- Abdominal discomfort or pain
- Unexplained weight loss
- Anemia
- Bleeding from the rectum
- Excessive fatigue or weakness
- Urge to pass a bowel movement that does not go away even after having passed one
In later stages, when the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, symptoms can vary depending on where the cancer has spread. It's important to note that these symptoms are not exclusive to colorectal cancer and can occur in other conditions as well. If you experience any concerning symptoms, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and guidance.
To diagnose colorectal cancer, several examinations, tests, and procedures are commonly performed. These may include:
- Medical history review: Doctors assess observable signs, symptoms, and the patient's family history of cancer.
- Physical exam: A healthcare professional examines the patient for tenderness, swelling, bowel sounds, and lumps.
- Blood tests: Complete blood count, liver function tests, and tumor marker blood tests can help detect abnormalities.
- Stool tests: Fecal occult blood tests or fecal immunochemical testing check for blood in the stool.
- CT scan: This imaging test creates a 3D image of the colon to identify any masses or thickening of the colon wall.
- Colonoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the anus to visualize any visible tumors. A biopsy (tissue sample) of polyps or growths found during colonoscopy will be collected and sent to the pathology laboratory for analysis.
Additional examinations, tests, and procedures to determine the stage or severity of colorectal cancer may include:
- Thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT): This scan helps assess if the cancer has spread to other organs like the liver.
- Endorectal ultrasonography, positive emission tomography (PET) scans and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): These imaging tests provide detailed information about the tumor's location and extent.
Remember, each individual's situation is unique. It is essential to consult with your healthcare professional for personalized advice and guidance regarding examinations, tests, and procedures specific to your condition.
The goals of treatment for stage 3 colorectal cancer Stage 3 are to cure the cancer and improve the patient's quality of life. Here are the recommended treatments and how they work to achieve these goals:
Therapeutic Procedures:
- Surgical resection: The removal of the tumor and nearby lymph nodes is performed to eliminate the cancer if possible.
Medication:
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth. They can be given before or after surgery.
- Targeted therapy: These drugs target specific molecules in cancer cells to block their growth and spread.
Therapies:
- Radiation therapy: High-energy beams are used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
- Immunotherapy: This treatment helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
Health Behavior Changes:
- Diet modifications: A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health.
- Regular exercise: Physical activity can improve energy levels, reduce side effects of treatment, and enhance well-being.
It's important to consult with your healthcare professional for personalized advice as medication dosing may vary. Additionally, each treatment may have its own potential side effects, so it's essential to discuss these with your healthcare professional as well.