About Colorectal Cancer Stage 2
Colorectal cancer develops due to changes in the DNA (mutations) in the cells of the colon and rectum. These mutations may cause cells to grow more rapidly than normal. The exact reason this occurs is unknown but may be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Non-modifiable risk factors (factors a person cannot change or control) for colorectal cancer include:
- Age: The risk of colorectal cancer increases after the age of 40 and rises sharply after the age of 50.
- Hereditary factors: Approximately 5 to 10% of colorectal cancers may be the result of genetic mutations like:
- MLH1 and MSH2 genes being associated with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
- Tumor suppressor gene (APC) mutations being associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
- Family history or personal history of adenomas (colorectal polyps)
- History of inflammatory bowel disease
Modifiable risk factors are factors that can be influenced or changed. Modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer include:
- Unhealthy dietary habits: A Westernized diet that is low in fruits, vegetables, and high in processed meat and red meat has been associated with an increased risk.
- Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity and being overweight or obese can contribute to the development of colorectal cancer.
- Obesity: Being overweight or obese is a modifiable risk factor for colorectal cancer
- Smoking: Cigarette smoking has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
- Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption has been associated with a higher risk.
- Chronic diseases: Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease may increase the risk, especially if uncontrolled.
It's important to note that these risk factors are colorectal risk factors in general and not exclusive to stage 2. Risk factors have been identified as potential contributors to colorectal cancer; however, people with risk factors do not always develop disease. It's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and screening recommendations.
The early symptoms of stage 2 colorectal cancer may not be noticeable, but as the cancer progresses, symptoms may become more apparent. Here are some common symptoms of stage 2 colorectal cancer.
- Rectal bleeding
- Changes in bowel habits that last for more than a few days, such as diarrhea or constipation
- Narrow, ribbon-like stool
- Blood in the stool, which can be visible or change the color to black or dark brown
- Abdominal pain or cramping
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue and weakness
- Unintended or unusual weight loss
- Anemia (low red blood cell count)
- Urge to pass a bowel movement that does not go away even after having passed one
It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis.
To diagnose colorectal cancer, the following examinations, tests, and procedures are commonly performed:
- Colonoscopy: This procedure allows the doctor to examine the rectum and colon for any abnormalities, such as polyps or cancerous growths. During a colonoscopy, a thin tube with a light and camera is inserted into the rectum to visualize the colon.
- Biopsy: A small tissue sample is taken during a colonoscopy and sent for lab analysis. This biopsy helps confirm the presence of cancer cells and make a definitive diagnosis.
To determine the stage or severity of colorectal cancer, additional examinations and tests may include:
- Imaging tests: These tests help determine if the cancer has spread to other organs. Common imaging tests used include computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positive emission tomography (PET) scans and ultrasound.
- Endorectal ultrasonography: This procedure uses sound waves to create images of the rectum and nearby structures. It helps assess the depth of tumor invasion into the rectal wall.
It's important to consult with your healthcare professional for personalized advice regarding examinations, tests, and procedures for diagnosing and staging colorectal cancer.
The goals of treatment for stage 2 colorectal cancer are to cure the cancer and improve the person's quality of life. Here are the recommended treatments and how they work towards these goals:
- Surgery: The main treatment for Stage 2 colorectal cancer is surgery. It involves removing the tumor and nearby lymph nodes. This helps to eliminate the cancer cells and prevent further spread.
- Adjuvant chemotherapy: In some cases, adjuvant chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery. This involves using medications to kill any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.
- Health behavior changes: Making certain lifestyle changes can also contribute to the treatment goals. These may include adopting a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and quitting smoking.
It's important to note that specific medication types or therapeutic procedures may vary depending on individual factors such as the extent of the disease, overall health, and other considerations. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized advice based on your specific situation.
Medication dosing may be affected by many factors. Check with your health care professional about dosing for your individual situation. Side effects can occur. Check with your health care professional or read the information provided with your medication for additional side effect information.