Chemotherapy and Extravasation
Chemotherapy is a powerful treatment used to kill cancer cells in the body. It targets cells that divide and multiply quickly, including cancer cells. However, it can also affect healthy cells that grow rapidly, such as those in the bone marrow, digestive system, reproductive system, and hair follicles. This can lead to side effects like mouth sores, hair loss, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and changes in bowel movements.
Extravasation is a complication that can occur during chemotherapy treatment. It happens when the liquid medication from chemotherapy accidentally leaks from the catheter or veins into the tissues under the skin. This is rare but can be a serious problem that can lead to different complications depending on the type of chemotherapy drug used.
- Signs and Symptoms: Extravasation during chemotherapy can cause tingling, burning, swelling, pain, or redness at the injection site. Later, symptoms may include blistering, sores, or tissue damage (necrosis). Patients are advised to report any unusual sensations, especially when receiving vesicant drugs, which can lead to more severe tissue damage.
- Causes: Extravasation may happen due to fast drug administration, highly acidic or basic medications, or blockages in the IV line, causing the drug to leak into surrounding tissue.
- Immediate Treatment: Healthcare providers will immediately stop chemotherapy, try to remove the leaked drug, elevate the affected arm, apply warm or cold compresses, and may provide medications to reduce complications.
- Treatment for Mild Reactions: Extravasation from milder drugs usually causes temporary redness, swelling, itching, or burning, which can be managed with pain relief and anti-inflammatory medication.
- Treatment for Severe Reactions: If a stronger, more toxic drug leaks, more serious tissue damage (necrosis) can occur, leading to skin discoloration, swelling, burning, and intense pain. Treatment may involve antibiotics and, in some cases, surgery to remove damaged tissue.
It's important for individuals undergoing chemotherapy to tell their healthcare team about any changes or unusual sensations during treatment. This allows for quick action if extravasation occurs, helping to prevent complications. Remember to always consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice regarding your specific situation.
Medication dosing may be affected by many factors. Check with your health care professional about dosing for your individual situation. Other side effects can occur. Check with your health care professional or read the information provided with your medication for additional side effect information.