Diagnosing Spinal Cancer

Overview

Spinal cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cancerous cells in or around the spinal column. These malignant tumors can develop in various parts of the spine, including the vertebrae, spinal cord, and the tissue surrounding the spinal cord. Spinal cancers are most often secondary cancers, meaning the cancer spread (metastasized) to the spine from another part of the body. Primary spinal cancers (cancers that started within the spine) are relatively rare.

To diagnose spinal cancer and confirm a diagnosis, several examinations, tests, and procedures may be done. These include:

• Neurologic Examination: In addition to a physical exam to evaluate a person’s overall health, a doctor will examine the person's back and perform a neurological examination. This includes checking eye movement, reflexes, hearing, sensation, strength, balance, and coordination.
• Blood Tests: Blood tests may be done to check for cancer markers, signs of inflammation or abnormal bone activity, or abnormalities that may be signs of other conditions causing symptoms.
• Imaging Tests: Various imaging tests are used to identify and locate spinal tumors. These tests include:
  • X-rays: X-rays of the spine can help detect abnormalities or tumors
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan: MRI uses a powerful magnet, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed images of the spinal cord. It provides a clearer picture of the tumor.
  • Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: This scan creates a cross-sectional view of the body's tissues and structures using X-rays and a computer. It can determine the location of the tumor on the spinal cord and detect associated conditions like swelling or bleeding.
• Biopsy: A biopsy involves removing a small piece of tissue from the tumor for examination by a pathologist. This helps determine if the tumor is cancerous or benign.

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Depending on the specific case, additional tests may be recommended to determine the type, severity, or stage of spinal cancer. These tests may include:

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: This is an imaging scan that uses a radioactive tracer to detect cancer cells and where they may have spread.
• Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Scan: This is used to check blood flow in the brain and oher parts of the body.
• Angiography: This is a type of x-ray that may use special dyes to examine blood flow.
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): This is a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain. Abnormal findings may indicate the location of a tumor.
• Magnetencephalography: This test maps the brain’s electrical currents and identify areas that trigger seizures. It may be used by neurosurgeons to help plan for surgery to remove a tumor.

Specialists involved in diagnosing spinal cancer may include neurologists, oncologists, neuro-oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists.

These examinations, tests, and procedures help in confirming a diagnosis of spinal cancer by providing detailed information about the location of the tumor, its characteristics, and whether it is cancerous or benign. Additionally, these tests can help determine factors such as the type, severity, or stage of spinal cancer by identifying any associated conditions or abnormalities present in the spine.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your specific situation and guide you through the diagnostic process.