About Glioma
A glioma is a type of brain tumor that originates from the glial cells, which are responsible for supporting and protecting the neurons in the brain. Glial cells provide essential functions such as supplying oxygen and nutrients to nerve cells and removing dead cells from the brain.
Gliomas can be either cancerous or non-cancerous. Low-grade gliomas grow slowly, while high-grade gliomas grow more rapidly. Gliomas include:
- Astrocytoma: This glioma starts in astrocytes in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytes connect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
- Ependymoma: This glioma starts in epidenymal cells that line the passageways that carry the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
- Glioblastoma: This glioma (also called glioblastoma multiforme) is a highly aggressive form that develops in astrocytes. It is the most common type of brain tumor in adults.
- Oligodendroglioma: This glioma begins in oligodendrocyte cells in the brain. Oligodendrocyte cells produce a substance that helps with the flow of signals in the brain and spinal cord.
Gliomas develop when cells have a change (mutation) in their DNA that causes them to make too many new cells. The cells form a mass call a tumor. Cancerous (malignant) glioma tumors take over healthy brain tissue. The exact reason this happens is unknown. Genetics appears to be a factor.
Risk factors of glioma include:
- Age: Gliomas are most common in older; however, they can occur at any age and certain gliomas are more common in children.
- Genetics: A family history of glioma may increase the risk glioma.
- Ionizing radiation: Repeated exposure to ionizing radiation, especially during childhood, has been associated with an increased risk of glioma. Radiation therapy used to treat cancer is a type of ionizing radiation.
It's important to note that these findings are based on research studies and may not apply to every individual. If you have concerns about your risk for glioma or any other health condition, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Common symptoms of glioma include:
- Headaches: Headaches are the most common symptom, occurring in about 35% of people with brain tumors.
- Seizures: Seizures can be an early symptom of glioma and may occur in some individuals.
- Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms can also be present in the early stages of glioma.
- Memory issues: Some individuals may experience difficulties with memory and concentration.
As glioma progresses, additional symptoms may occur:
- Changes in activity levels: Individuals may experience changes in their energy levels and activity levels.
- Personality changes: Glioma can cause changes in personality, mood, and behavior.
- Loss of appetite: Some individuals may experience a loss of appetite.
- Weakness: Weakness in the muscles can occur as glioma progresses.
- Difficulty balancing and trouble walking: These symptoms can be seen as the tumor affects coordination and balance.
- Vision problems: Glioma can cause changes in vision, such as blurred vision, double vision, or visual disturbances.
- Speech problems: Difficulties with speech and communication may arise.
It's important to note that these symptoms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. If you experience any concerning symptoms, it's best to consult with your healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.
Examinations, tests, and procedures commonly performed to diagnose glioma include:
- Neurological exam: A series of questions and tests to check the brain, spinal cord, and nerve function.
- Imaging tests: Such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, which can help determine the size and location of the tumor.
- Biopsy: A procedure where a small piece of the tumor is removed and tested to determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and the types of cells involved.
- Molecular testing: Specialized tests that provide details on specific mutations in the cancer cells, which can affect treatment decisions.
Additional examinations, tests, and procedures to determine the stage or severity of Glioma may include:
- CT perfusion imaging (CTPI): This imaging technique reflects the blood perfusion of tumors and has shown promise in diagnosing and classifying glioma patients.
- Clinical procedures: These may include lab tests (blood draw), imaging studies (X-ray or MRI), or other specialized tests depending on the specific symptoms or body system being evaluated.
It's important to note that each patient's condition is unique, and diagnostic approaches may vary. Consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice.
The goals of treatment for glioma are to:
- Relieve pain and symptoms
- Improve quality of life
- Prolong survival
The recommended treatments to achieve these goals include:
- Surgery: The first step in treatment is usually surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This helps relieve symptoms and allows doctors to examine the tumor tissue for diagnosis confirmation. Complete removal is often not possible due to the tumor's invasive nature.
- Radiation therapy: High-energy x-ray beams are used to stop or slow tumor growth. Radiation treatment is typically given after surgery or biopsy. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation therapy) or internally (interstitial radiation or brachytherapy).
- Chemotherapy: Medications are used to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is often used in combination with radiation therapy as an adjuvant treatment. One commonly used chemotherapy drug for Glioma is temozolomide.
It's important to note that treatment can vary depending on the individual's medical and personal situations. Health behavior changes may also be recommended, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and following a balanced diet.
Treatment plans should be discussed with a healthcare professional who specializes in the management of gliomas, as they can provide personalized advice based on individual circumstances.